Commercial Environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2344 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  WTO founder members (January 1, 1995)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  WTO subsequent members Formation January 1, 1995 Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland Membership 153 member states Official  languages English, French, Spanish Director-General Pascal Lamy Budget 189 million Swiss francs (approx. 182 million USD) in 2009. Ever since the WTO came into existence on January 1, 1995 , Indian economy has witnessed a tremendous change. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commercial Environment" essay for you Create order Some people believe that the WTO agreements would affect only those who are in international trade ; those producing and selling domestically will remain unaffected. This is only an illusion. Those in international trade have engaged in other sectors , shocks are soon to follow. In one word, all categories of economic functionaries and all sectors of the economy are going to feel the pinch of the WTO economic regime, in varying from and content ; WTO is as much important to farmers , scientists , singers and writers as to industrialists , traders or sundary service providers. Given WTOs enormous significance to our economic existence , the Indian Economic Association considered it advisable to institute WTO and the Indian Economy as one of the four themes for the 83rd conference. The present volume is based on 23 papers submitted for the conference under this theme. After seven years of protracted negotiations called Uruguay Round of Table Negotiations a new rule based tradi ng system with a new apex body , the World Trade Organization (WTO) , equipped with the authority of enforcing the commitments , rules and norms of discipline came into existence on January 1 , 1995. This Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations was unique in several respects. It covered many new areas such as Agriculture , Textiles , Technology , Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) , Trade Related Investment , Services , etc. The new institution WTO is equipped with legal authority and provisions for enforcement of the rules and the disciplines of the new trading system. Some of the positive achievements of the Uruguay Round Of Trade Negotiations , that have been incorporated in the final Act and the WTO framework , need to be explicitly recognized. Over the past several years , many countries , which were vocal advocates of free trade and free play of market forces , had been adopting. Before the WTO came , until 1994, international trade in merchandise was guided by the rules a nd provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WHAT IS WTO? The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global organization dealing with rules of trade between nations, who are members of the organization. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows smoothly and freely . Decisions in the WTO are normally taken by consenus among all member countries and they are ratified by members parliaments of senates. However in trade off on decisions , gains may be unequal at times. Conflict over trade is focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments , ensuring countries trade policies conform with them. At the heart of the system multilateral trading system are the WTOs agreements , negotiated and signed by most nations participating in global trade. These agreements are the legal ground rules for international commerce. They are in essence contracts , guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybodys benefit. It came in 1995. This makes it one of the youngest of international organizations . WHY WTO ? WTO was established to deal with three major counts namely Trade Related Aspects of Investment Measures (TRIMs) , Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) , and trade in services . the other services which the WTO was also supposed to perform are as under: To facilitate the implementation , administration and operations of multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements. To arrange the forum for deliberations for the member nations in regard to their multilateral trade relations in issues dealt with under the agreements. To provide a framework for implementing of the results arising out of the deliberations which took place at Ministerial Conference Level. To manage the created understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes (DSU). To manage effectively and efficiently the trade policy review mechanism (TRIM). To create more coherence in respect of global economic policymaking , it would cooperate with the IMF and th e World Bank and its affiliated Organisation. INDIA AND WTO INDIA HEADING FOR WTO It was not a sudden development or a hasty choice that brought India to the WTOs fold. An objective assessment of the circumstances into which the Indian economy had landed itself in the late seventies or the early eighties , would convince us that India could no more adhere to the inward looking economic strategy of the past. By the time the Uruguay Round concluded in 1994 , India was well prepared to join the WTO family ; all preludes were already in position. INDIAN ECONOMY IN RECENT YEARS. The impact that WTO membership would make on the Indian economy is an issue of paramount national importance. It is a little pre mature to make a judgement , at this stage , essentially because things have just evolving. A neat picture will emerge well after all agreement are implemented world wide , net of neutralizations and modifications that might come off because of the voices being raised by the developing economies, including India , and the countervailing strategies to be unleashed by the vested trade interests. Moreover , India herself has yet to complete the last bit of the opening up on April 1 , 2001. Furthermore , this is hardly the stage at which we can scientifically delineate the effect of a particular agreement , or a specific aspect for the same , on the concerned sector , free of other interconnections. Hence the best we can do is to make some conjectures on the basis of what has been going on in the recent past. Indeed , this is our only analytical cho ice , since the kind of economic regime that may emerge in the next few years would only be re affirmations , and a gradual extension , of the globalization and trade liberalization policies set afloat during the second half of the 1990s when WTO came. IMPACT OF WTO ON INDIAN ECONOMY The principal mandate of the WTO is to promote an open equitable and non discriminatory multilateral trading system . Richardos principle of comparative advantage guides the WTOs concept of equitable trade. The WTOs emphases is on competitive efficiency and economies. The WTO started work on January 1 , 1995 on the basis of the agreement signed by 125 nations at Marrakesh in April 1994.According to the WTO , the members themselves decides on the rules governing their trade relations , and periodically enter into rounds of negotiations aimed at further opening up of markets and reforming the agreements. The WTO as expected to play a crucial role in implementing the new World Trade System visualized in the Uruguay IMPACT OF DIFFERENT BUSINESSES ON INDIA BY WTO AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the oldest culture in human civilization. The later day spin off is barter , trade , commerce and industry. Originally , trade was free as it was logically bound by territorial restrictions imposed by limitations of communication. Flow of good and availability of services faced obstruction at the border when the state of nature changed to culminate into political society married to the idea of national sovereignty. World Trade Organization (WTO) is the principal institution of free trade. AREAS OF REFORM IN AGRICULTURE The main elements of reform to be undertaken as set out in the agreement on agriculture (AOA) touch and concern three areas of policy: Market access Domestic support , and Export subsidies INDIAN AGRICULTURE SCENE Valibility of Indian agriculture in the new setting of international trade need not be viewed in isolation only in terms of the prospects for commodity wise benefit under the provisions of the WTO although an agricultural commodity. The fortunes of Indian agriculture which now accounts for around 30 percent of GDP is inseparably linked with the rest of the economy and as such impact of macroeconomic reforms on the terms of trade for agriculture , private investment and its ability to access modern technology and inputs for diversifying agricultural output in a cost effective manner cannot be ignored . it is now acknowledged that full fledged macroeconomic reforms launched since the early 1990s have improved the incentive framework for Agriculture terms of trade now a agricultural sector, through still adverse were progressively improving. Consequently , private investment in agriculture has risen significantly in the post reform . The strategic objectives in the process were to ensure : Expansion of production base Raising productivity of the existing crops Alternative sources of livelihood Protection from risks and uncertainities Alternative cropping pattern in place of tobacco plantation. IMPACTS ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE BY WTO ARE: All non tariff barriers are to b replaced and tariffs will have to be replaced by 26 percent by developing countries. Reductions in tariffs are required to be implemented over a period of 10 years by developing nations from January 1 ,1995. The removal of important restrictions according to WTO norms will lead to a rise in Indian imports but will however adversely affect domestic producers of agricultural commodities. The reduction in subsidies may adversely impact agriculture and import of quality patented goods and will also result in high cost to Indian farmers. India will have to speed up the process of awarding patents to all agricultural products during the implementation period , that is 1995 2004 , various facilities are required there. Countries with closed farm markets will have to import at least three percent of domestic consumption products, rising to five percent over a period of six years. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES Impact on small scale industries by WTO: No single agreement of WTO directly dealing with the SSIs. Tariffs were reduced and dismantling of non tariff barriers. Under this scenario Indian SSIs would not only face competition from MNCs but large Indian companies also. The government removed Quantitative Restrictions on 714 items and remaining 715 items have been removed from Quantitative Restrictions by 31st March 2001. The removal of QR will practically affect all segments of the small scale sector. The textile industry of Gujarat as well as the weaving and spinning co operatives in South India will face stiff competition due to imports from china , korea and Thailand . Any and every kind of fabric can be sold locally after paying custom duties averaging at 35 percent. Textile items are now freely importable. Dumping of goods were there . TEXTILE AND CLOTHING The textiles and clothing sector has been protected by developed countries since the 1960s through quantitative restrictions imposed on exports of the third world. Normally in Such a situation , the developed countries should have resorted to some precautionary action under the provisions of Article XIX of GAT 1994 to restrain the imports. There had been a Short Term Agreement and a Long Term Agreement covering textiles and clothing a comprehensive agreement in this sector was worked out in 1973. Its coverage was expanded to include fibers other than cotton , wool and synthetic fibers. This was also popularly known as Multi Fibre Agreement. FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY Impact of WTO on Food Processing Industry are: There is no disputing the fact that food processing industry is a primitive stage in India. Following are the impacts of WTO on this industry: Because of inadequate storage facilities farmers usually do not get a good price for their produce since there are not enough processing units. Lack of liberalization of rules to encourage investment in these areas. Food safety and security will continue to be an important plank for restoration of WTO standards and regulation of WTO standards and regulation for food security. Less development in food processing PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Impact on this industry by WTO are: All quantitative restrictions on pharmaceutical products are to be removed latest by the year 2002. Free trade in medicines were there worldwide. Indias share in the world pharmaceutical market was just 1.5 percent , which is likely to rise to 2.4 percent by 2005. The impact was that there is no industry with its market share greater than 6 percent. Mergers increases and acquisitions in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry , as worldwide corporate RD centers undergo a consolidation phase. Exports are increased as a result of the WTO accord. Deductions limit for expenses by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies raises from 125 percent to 150 percent. MARKET ACCESS IN INDIA Rates of import tariffs in India are quite high, which had had its impact on development of the trade and industry. The indirect taxes contribute a major proportion of the revenue of the Union Government . Any reduction in the rates of import duties will have its impact on the central kitty unless suitably augmented by other resources. The domestic producers in India have several disadvantages as compared to manufacturers in the world markets, such as higher cost of capital and power, low productivity of labour. There is a lack of efficient infrastructural support. Competition among unequals would generate distortions.. Competition is not fair between unequals. OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED BY WTO Opportunities provided by WTO to india are: Indias service exports could get a boost , the potential for which is available in the form of technically qualified personnel . India will gain from reduced import tariff by industrially developed countries , as some countries have agreed to harmonize tariffs and bring down the average tariffs on India goods. The removal of quotas under A multifiber agreement will help Indias textiles and garment export to increase . MFN status, which ensures favourable treatment in the administration of tariffs, is particularly useful for developing countries like India whose economic leverage in world trade is limited. RECOMMENDATIONS Both the external as well as the internal balances should be there in a business for the overall development of the economy. India may have to accelerate the pace of economic reforms, financial liberalization, liberalization policy on FDI and higher investment on infrastructure aimed at making the domestic Industry Internationally Competitive. Commercial and corporate farms may need to be encouraged. On the trade front , a roadmap must be drawn and strategic action be initiated to raise its share in world exports to at least two percent over the next five years. Need based changes must be introduced in land ceiling Act, to enable farmers to make their small holdings economically sustainable and viable.

Animal Cloning Debate Essay - 1045 Words

Animal Cloning Debate A clone is a genetic copy of another living organism –animal, plant or human. Animal cloning is a widely discussed issue in our society today. The question now is whether the Australian government should ban animal cloning. Many opinions are generated from this subject, such as the justifiability of cloning, and how far it should go. Religious views are prevalent, so too are numerous ethical concerns. The issue of whether or not the government should ban cloning has gained progressive attention, as the science of animal cloning is further perfected. BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Animal cloning is the process of creating a biological replicate of another organism with the†¦show more content†¦The donour nucleus can be obtained from embryonic cells that are differentiated into the skin, heart, brain and various other organs. Success rates are very low, with an average of only 1-2% of cloned embryos that lead to a successful clone. Losses occur at all stages of the cloning process. Some cloned embryos do not develop in general, some fail to implant and a high proportion of fetuses die late in pregnancy or soon after birth. Cloned mice have the tendency to be obese and tend to learn more slowly. Many cloned animals have deformities such as an abnormally large size, which endangers the lives of the surrogate mothers carrying them. The causes of the low success rate of cloning are uncertain, but it is likely that it is due to the inadequate reprogramming of the genes of the adult cell by the unfertilized egg. SOCIAL RELEVANCE There will be many different impacts on society if the government’s decides to ban, or not to ban animal cloning. A better knowledge of these impacts can be obtained by discussing the good and bad of animal cloning. One application of the cloning technique is by cloning genetically modified animals, so that their cells and organs can be transplanted into humans. 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Motivation at New United Motor Manufacturing-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Using three motivation theories/frameworks covered in this course, discuss what are the lessons to be learned about motivation from the practices of NUMMI? 2.What would you advise NUMMI management to stop doing, start doing, or do better? Asnwers: Introduction The role of human emotions and drives in employee motivation is explained by a workers cognitive and emotional motivation, perceived clarity of an organizations vision and the workers specific role in that vision, the belief that the employee has the necessary resources to get the job done, and self efficacy (Kreitner Kinicki 2007, p. 23). A persons drive is a hardwired feature of the brain that makes an effort to keep him/her in balance by adjusting deficiencies. Abraham Maslow identified human drives as the main movers of behavior given that they tend to bring about emotions. David McClelland in his Learned Needs Theory also suggested that a persons specific needs are achieved over time and shaped by the individuals life experiences. The individuals achievement motivation, authority/power motivation, and affiliation motivation were identified by McClelland as factors influencing effectiveness and motivation in particular job functions (Kotter 2007, p. 62). Looking at the case pres ented, it is clear to see that NUMMIs management implemented a few initiatives to motivate their employees. 1.Motivation theory #1: Maslows needs hierarchy The reopening of the Fremont plant and application of different management practices and philosophies may be considered a blessing to the staff. The new management aimed at concentrating on novel ideology targeting the construction of high quality vehicles at the lowest possible costs. This meant the involvement of employees in decision making processes, training, job rotation, job allocations and layouts, among other work components (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 60). According to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, individuals usually have a pyramid hierarchy of needs that they will fulfill starting at the bottom, all the way to the top. Significant to this theory is that unsatisfied needs at the bottom of the ladder tend to deter an individual from moving on to the next step. NUMMIs new management was well aware of the fact that using confrontational enforcement of rules would not be as effective in the new regime as implementing flexibility. Maslows theory identified five main needs that people have, and these are physiological, belonging, self-esteem, self realization, and security (Huczynski Buchanan 2013, p. 117). NUMMIs new motivational practices ensured that these needs are met, for instance, the use of only skilled and non-skilled hourly workers fulfilled the employees physiological needs. Their sense of belonging and feeling as part of a group was satisfied by their involvement in deciding training, job rotation, job allocations, and work standards. Self realization and self esteem needs of the employees are now fulfilled by the managements encouragement to work like their name is on the plant (Analoui 2007, p.53). The employees were also encouraged to do more than just finishing their assigned tasks. This ensured that their need to progress, develop and feel good about themselves was catered for. Effective managers and leaders are able to acknowledge the fact that individuals are different. To have this level of understanding means that the management is better able to motivate its staff. The NUMMI management system recognized that some of the employees come to work to earn cash and actually have not desire to get along with their colleagues or move to higher positions within the organization (Biron Bamberger 2010, p. 186). Other employees work to gain experience and get promoted while some work to meet individuals and have personal challenges combined with a sense of attainment. The management also acknowledges that some employees report to work due to a combination of all these reasons. That is why the novel management system aims at establishing a safe and good workplace environment and treating the workers as individuals. To motivate employees having relatedness needs, that is those who find it hard to get along with their colleagues, the NUMMI management aims at not only showing respect and giving recognition by awarding bonuses based on safety, productivity improvement and safety, but also involve the workers in decision making (Giri Santra 2008, 61). Notably, a firm organization that has clear responsibilities generally provides security. NUMMIs management has shown its staff that the senior executives now have lower need for social approval, and this has been exhibited through their open office plan and eating at the same cafeteria. The newly reopened plant has realized that application of Maslows hierarchy needs theory allows it to ensure that the organizational structure motivates employees to reaching their full potential. Motivation theory #2: Job enrichment Job enrichment simply means the vertical expansion of jobs within a given organization. This usually increases the level to which the employee controls the execution, planning, and assessment of work (Kumar 2008, n.p.). Enriched jobs arrange tasks so as to allow the employees to do a full activity, something which increases the workers autonomy and liberty, job responsibility and provides the necessary feedback. At NUMMI, job enrichment is all about giving employees more obligations for planning, coordinating and scheduling their own work. As already indicated, the new management system that has been put in place at the plant ensures that workers are involved in job allocations, training, job rotation, and work standards. Job rotation will allow workers to perform different varieties of jobs. Implementation of participative management will allow the workers to engage in strategic planning and decision making processes. Furthermore, provision of feedback will allow them to determine how well or poor they are performing their tasks. The newly revamped NUMMI has discovered that job enrichment is so far providing more interesting and stimulating work to its staff that adds challenge and variety to a workers day to day routine (Priyadarshini 2009, 70). As a result, the depth of the job is increased and individuals can have more control over their work. This is best illustrated by the new management philosophy where there are no time clocks, only self report time sheets (Unknown author 2013, p. 44). Line workers now have the right and duty to close down their portion of the production line to resolve any operation or quality issues that may arise. When keeping in mind organizational behavior and motivational theories, job enrichment influence on employee motivation is achieved through addition to the quality of tasks instead of their quantity. It is also achieved through the transformation of the work profile through behavioral interventions, rather than technical interventions affected by job enlargement (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 81). According to McClellands theory of needs, job enrichment provides employees with a chance to take up top levels of duties and tasks, thereby satisfying their needs of power, affiliation, and attainment. At NUMMI, workers are officially acknowledged for their commitment and ideas, whether improving production, safety, attendance, or quality. To deepen its staffs knowledge through benefits or initiatives that encourage recognition, advancement, achievement, and responsibility ensures a more productive workforce. Motivation theory #3: Empowerment practices Employee empowerment practices have been embraced at the newly reopened NUMMI in an effort to improve organizational performance. The current business setting is oriented towards effectiveness and business process reengineering as much emphasis is put on performance improvement as a way of increasing such efficiency (Huczynski Buchanchan 2013, p. 120). Employee empowerment simply means giving workers the authority to make their voices heard to contribute towards decisions and plans affecting them, and to utilize their skills to work towards improving their performance and that of the organization as a whole. Empowerment usually incorporates giving workers the responsibility for hands-on service or production activities and the independence to take action or make decisions without prior approval (Meyerson Dewettinck 2012, p. 22). Under the new NUMMI management system, a no-fault attendance system has been put in place where workers are not questioned for absence and no external documentation is required. However, necessary action for termination to take place is taken if the staff is absent more than usual. These empowerment practices aim at improving employee performance due to the chances it provides for workers to work more efficiently. Furthermore, they make NUMMI employees to feel they have liberty and discretion, in addition to believing their work to be of great significance. The workers also have feelings of self efficacy and feel that their behavior eventually influences organizational success (Biron Bamberger 2010, p. 191.). The new management has observed that by empowering employees through the organizational structure, every one of them will have the authority to be more innovative, ensuring that their performance is good if not the best. 2.Stop Doing: Maslows needs hierarchy Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is considered by many organizations today, including NUMMI, to be a valuable approach of thinking about employee incentives and motivation while determining qualitative differences and similarities among them (Rastergar, Mahmoodian Alimadadi 2013, p. 674). Notably, Maslow only considered a small portion of the human population. This means that terms such as security and self esteem have quite diverse groupings in cultures across the globe. Furthermore, the expectations of this particular theory are most probably limited to western cultures. That is why NUMMIs management should stop implementing the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and consider a more suitable and applicable one, such as Adams Equity theory. The theory advocates for a just balance between a workers inputs and outputs. To do so would mean ensuring that a firm and productive relationship is attained with the worker, and the total outcome being motivated, satisfied workers. As other organizations have observed, it is possible for some employees to be deprived of their lower level needs but still manage to strive for self actualization needs (Gupta Shaw 2014, p. 4). Interestingly, Maslows description of self actualization and how self actualized individuals acted and felt were generally founded on writing and speaking with selectively chosen individuals, rather than thorough sampling. Therefore, NUMMIs management should stop focusing solely on self actualization of their workers, and start acknowledging individual and cultural differences. Start Doing: Types of rewards in workplace task performance According to the case study presented, NUMMI awards bonuses to all workers depending on productivity, quality, and safety improvements. Incentives and rewards in any given workplace have great advantages for both employers and workers. There are different types of rewards that are being implemented in todays organizations, for instance, profit sharing plans, paid time off, bonuses, and employee stock alternatives (Bass 2008, p. 101). Monetary rewards are what NUMMI is using to encourage friendly competition between employees in terms of task performance. The other type of reward that is being employed in this particular organization is non-monetary, such as training opportunities, the ability to work autonomously, and flexible work hours. Though NUMMIs new management system aims at promoting a sense of equity and treating workers with dignity, it has not yet implemented other forms of rewards to improve employee performance. Therefore, the organizations management should consider introducing employee recognition as a form of reward. This largely satisfies the psychological desires and needs of workers. Incentives such as employee of the year certificates are effective in boosting employee morale as workers are acknowledged for their outstanding efforts (Unknown author 2013, p. 45). Appreciative feedback from managers and team leaders tend to serve as employee recognition, boosting morale in the process. NUMMI should therefore keep its workers needs and desires in mind when planning the organizations reward system. Do Better: Empowerment practices Similar to any new organization, NUMMI also needs to improve on its organizational performance so as to maintain a competitive edge in todays rapidly changing and harsh business environment. Contemporary organizations are now aware of the worth of empowered workers and are actively striving to structurally increase employee empowerment (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 83). As already indicated, empowering employees or organizational staff usually encourages more capable, motivated, and confident workers. Furthermore, empowerment results in better performance and higher operational effectiveness. NUMMI has already put in place a number of empowerment practices to ensure job feedback, autonomy, task significance and consideration of individual factors such as ability to carry out the tasks. When delegating responsibility over to its staff, NUMMIs management should consider diversifying authority, which would in turn create more voices, and potentially more dialogue and conflict. These elements tend to slow down the decision making process. Therefore, the organizations management needs to put in place protocols that will alleviate failure and improve decision making effectiveness (Huczynski Buchanchan 2013, p. 124). More importantly, team leaders need to have confidence in their teams. They should also set goals that inspire employees. Conclusion The case study presented is a good example of how todays organizations are making an effort to motivate their employees. The paper has discussed the application of motivation theories and how they assist managers to understand what exactly drives individual behavior. Employee empowerment and job enrichment practices have also been highlighted as motivational approaches that organizations such as NUMMI use. Employee empowerment is the key driver of organizational performance. As stated, money tends to play a significant role in motivating individuals up to a certain level, though other intrinsic motivators are also effective in transforming these behaviors. References Analoui, F 2007, Strategic human resource management, Thomson Learning, UK. Bass, BM 2008, The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications, 4th edition, Simon Schuster, New York, NY. Biron Bamberger, P 2010, The impact of structural empowerment on individual wellbeing and performance: Taking agent preferences, self-efficacy and operational constraints into account, Human Relations, 63(2), pp. 163 191. Giri, NV Santra, T 2008, Analysing the association of leadership style, face-to-face communication, and organizational effectiveness, Management and Labor Studies, 33(1), pp. 53 63. Gupta, N Shaw, J 2014, Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research, Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), pp. 1 4. Huczynski, A Buchanan, D 2013, Organizational behavior, 8th edition, Pearson Education Limited, New York. Kotter, JP 2007, Leading change Why transformation efforts fail, Harvard Business Review, 73(2), pp. 59 67. Kreitner, R Kinicki, A 2007, Organizational behavior, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Kumar, K 2008, Recruitments in companies: Changing times, HRM Review. Meyerson, G Dewettinck, B 2012, Effect of empowerment on employees performance, Journal of Mgt Studies, Vol. 2. Mylonas, A, Harvey, J Hodges, J 2007, Business organization and management for Queensland, Macmillan Education Australia, South Yarra, Vic. Priyadarshini, GR 2009, Importance of role efficacy and self efficacy in organization and its relationship with human resource practices, Management and Labor Studies, 34(1), pp. 57 72. Rastegar, AA, Mahmoodian, M Alimadadi A2013, Studying and identifying affecting factors on employees empowerment, Journal of Behavioral App Sci. Res., 3(2), pp. 666 674. Unknown Author 2013, Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory: Impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), pp. 39 4

Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter Essay Example

Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter Essay In Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s text â€Å"Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter†, there are three characters that go through the stages that Didion talked about. Death, test, challenges and rebirth are all present in the characters. Mrs. Dutta goes through some of the hardships living in U. S. Her husband is dead and her entire life is devoted to the family she had been taking care of. Dutta talks about how early she had to wake up in the morning due to constant habitual actions she had been doing for past years. The death part of the Dutta life can be portrayed in this excerpt â€Å"In India she would never had venture to sing, but everyone gone, the house is too quiet, all that silence pressing down on her like the hell of the giant hand. † (311). Dutta is eventually beginning to adapt to her situation and began to live for herself. There were some of the tests and challenges she had to go through. Some of the challenges were the longing for her husband and wanting to go back where she came from. There were overcame by her children who gives her the power to live in U. S. Dutta’s son, Sagar also had to go through some of the factors of the three stages of the journey. He acknowledges Dutta’s responsibilities and her sacrifices and tells her that she should not wake up so early. Sagar is now becoming a one that not only asks for things to her mother but also asks her to let go of the chores and live more freely. Sagar in this text was viewed as a child who is troublesome and who needs Dutta’s advice and help in order to achieve life in U. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S. Dutta seems he is completely reborn in U. S. since he is young and adapts faster than his family members. Shyamoli is Dutta’s daughter-in-law. The excerpt â€Å"†¦it was an Americna habit† Mrs. Dutta did not remember the Indian shyamoli, the docile bride she’d mothered for a month before putting her on a Pan Am flight to join her husband, pursing her lips in quite this way to let out a breath at once patient and vexed† (315). This statement defines some of the internal changes that had occurred to the both Dutta and Shyamoli. Since Shyamoli was younger than Dutta, she accepts changes and surrounding more freely than Dutta, letting her to live like Americans. Shyamoli said â€Å"Americans don’t like neighbors to†¦invade their privacy† (320). Telling us how Shaymoli had been reborn as she live in United States.

National Plan Essay

National Plan Essay National Plan Essay A National Plan On April 4, 1808, Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury in the administration of Thomas Jefferson, sent to the Senate his report on roads and canals. It begins with the assertion that " the general utility of artificial roads and canals . . . is universally admitted." The question is, who should build them. In some countries, "these improvements may often, in ordinary cases, be left to individual exertion, without any direct aid from Government." In the American case, two major circumstances," whilst they render the facility of communications throughout the United States an object of primary importance, naturally check the application of private capital and enterprise to improvements on a large scale." The first of these is the relative scarcity of capital. It is much more difficult than in Europe to attract investment by "prospects of remote and moderate profit." The second is " the extent of the territory compared to the population." With a sparse population, local traffic can not be counted on to make profitable a local improvement. In general, a canal will be unproductive unless it opens " a communication with a natural extensive navigation which will flow through that new channel." For this reason, " some works already executed are unprofitable; many more remain unattempt, because their ultimate productive- ness depends on other improvements, too extensive or too distant to be embraced by the same individuals." " The General Government ", declares the Report, "can alone remove these obstacles." Its resources are " amply sufficient for the completion of every practicable improvement." " With these resources, and embracing the whole Union, it will complete on any given line all the improvements, however distant, which may be necessary to render the whole productive, and eminently beneficial." he argument continues: The early and efficient aid of the Federal Government is recommended by still more important considerations. The inconveniences, complaints, and perhaps dangers, which may result from a vast extent of territory, can no otherwise be radically removed or prevented than by opening speedy and easy communications through all its parts. Good roads and canals will shorten distances, facilitate commercial and personal intercourse, and unite, by a still more intimate community of interests, the most remote quarters of the United States. No other single operation, within the power of Government, can more effectually tend to strengthen and perpetuate that Union which secures external in- dependence, domestic peace, and internal liberty. What, then, are the specific objects that on this argument require and justify action by the national government? Gallatin derives his answers from a broad view of the geography of the country. The main problems are to improve communications between the northern and southern states and to bring the settlers beyond the mountains into easy communication with the East. With respect to the former, he points out that the United States possesses" a tide water inland navigation . . . Which, from Massachusetts to the southern extremity of Georgia, is principally, if not solely, Interruptedly four necks of land." The four are Cape Cod, New Jersey between the Raritan and the Delaware, the peninsula between the Del- aware and the Chesapeake, and the "marshy tract, which divides the Chesapeake from Albemarle Sound." These should be cut by canals, which would total less than one hundred miles and would be useful " in peace or war" as protection against " storms and enemies". To this should be add ed " a great turnpike extending from Maine to Georgia . . . passing through all the principal seaports." The problem of communication with the West presents a greater difficulty From New York to southern Georgia; the two great ranges of the Appalachians block the way. " In the present state of science," it is useless to think of crossing them by canals. There are, however, places at

Haplology - Definition and Examples in Language

Haplology s in Language Definition A sound change involving the loss of a syllable when its next to a phonetically identical (or similar) syllable. Haplology is a type of dissimilation. Perhaps the best-known example is the reduction of Anglaland in Old English to England in Modern English. The reverse process is known as dittologythe accidental or conventionalized repetition of a syllable. (Dittology also means, more broadly, the double reading or interpretation of any text.) The counterpart of haplology in writing is haplographythe accidental omission of a letter that should be repeated (such as mispell for misspell). The term haplology (from the Greek, simple, single) was coined by American linguist Maurice Bloomfield (American Journal of Philology, 1896). Also Known  As   syllabic syncope Examples and Observations Haplology . . . is the name given to the change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence. For example, if the word haplology were to undergo haplology (were to be haplologized), it would reduce the sequence lolo to lo, haplology haplogy. Some real examples are:(1) Some varieties of English reduce library to libry [laibri] and probably to probly [prÉ”bli].(2) pacifism pacificism (contrast with mysticism mysticism, where the repeated sequence is not reduced and does not end up as ​mystism).(3) English humbly was humblely in Chaucers time, pronounced with three syllables, but has been reduced to two syllables (only one l) in modern standard English.(Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004)The words library and necessary, especially as spoken in Southern England, are often heard by foreigners as libry and nessary. But when they repeat the words as such, they do not sound right, since there should be a lengthened r and s, respectively, in those words. It shows that foreigners notice the beginning stages of haplology in those words, when there is as yet no complete haplology.(Yuen Ren Chao, Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge University Press, 1968) I have often noted that Americans, in speaking of the familiar Worcestershire sauce, commonly pronounce every syllable and enunciate shire distinctly. In England it is always Woostershr.(H.L. Mencken, The American Language, 2nd ed. Alfred A. Knopf, 1921) Also See What Is the Correct Pronunciation of February?AssimilationDissimilationElision

Designing a training course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Designing a training course - Essay Example The above sections would be combination of discussion as well as an interactive lecture on the continuum of the employee involvement. The participants would be asked to write/inform the current structure of the organization along with level of decisions they can take (empowerment), roles and responsibilities of the training session’s participants. Participants would present the graphical representation of their organizational model and employee involvement model. Projected Goal: The goal of the lesson is to find out the prevailing models in the organization and suggest/recommend on how to develop a model based on the issues in the existing organizational and employee involvement model. Note: After adding the miscellaneous and contingencies cost, the total cost for the first day training would be $20,000. Moreover, the participants and the instructors would not be given either travelling or daily allowance, because the employees would be trained in the auditorium of their office and the instructors would be hired locally. However, the cost of equipment, printing etc. would be catered from the allocated cost of the miscellaneous and the contingencies. After the first day it would be expected from the participants that they would have knowledge of modern concepts of the management, familiarities with numerous terminologies taught in the first day training. Moreover, they can somehow develop diverse models (organizational and employee involvement) to get quality work within time and less cost as compared to the existing models of the Delta Airline. As there are two modules, therefore, in order to assess the impact of training program, I have selected two different strategies include: the self assessment for module one of the training course and impact assessment for module two of the training course. For the self-assessment, the participants would be provided a number of documents for their self

Developmental Model of Health and Nursing Essay

Developmental Model of Health and Nursing - Essay Example Allen sought to introduce a strength-based model of practice in nursing. Having interest in practicing nursing to promote health within the family has influenced my choice for this model. This approach involved a transformation in the way nurses handled issues concerning health. In the context defined by Allen, health was one of the social issues, and there was great potential of socializing it within the family setting. Therefore, Allen highlighted the urgency for nurses to initiate partnerships with the patient and family (Bomar, 2004). Moreover, the new approach required nurses to shift from the traditional perspective that focused on illness, deficit, and problems. They needed to replace such thinking with a perspective that identified the strengths of the individual and his family. With the new perspective, the nurse would then concentrate on motivating families to utilize their inherent strengths, and available resources in their efforts to achieve health goals. Moyra Allen con structed frameworks that nurses needed to adhere to, in their venture to embrace the new approach of nursing (Allen, & Warner, 2002). Prior to the description of the new approach, many nurses sought to identify the problem with the patients, and then advanced to identify viable solutions to the problem (Bomar, 2004). However, the developmental model of health and nursing sought to discourage nursing from the identification of problems as the initial step towards promotion of health. According to the basics of this model, adopting an approach that centers on identifying problems introduces setbacks to promotion of health. The family embraces the problem as a stigmatizing label, and triggers the negative feeling of helplessness. With such a negative attitude,... This report stresses that Allen sought to introduce a strength-based model of practice in nursing. Having interest in practicing nursing to promote health within the family has influenced my choice for this model. This approach involved a transformation in the way nurses handled issues concerning health. In the context defined by Allen, health was one of the social issues, and there was great potential of socializing it within the family setting. Therefore, Allen highlighted the urgency for nurses to initiate partnerships with the patient and family. This paper makes a conclusion that the new approach required nurses to shift from the traditional perspective that focused on illness, deficit, and problems. They needed to replace such thinking with a perspective that identified the strengths of the individual and his family. With the new perspective, the nurse would then concentrate on motivating families to utilize their inherent strengths, and available resources in their efforts to achieve health goals. The McGill model seeks to build a rapport between the nurse and the family of the patient. Contrary to the deficit perspective that dominated the nursing field, this model highlighted the need for a strength perspective that focused on the capacity that the family possessed and that would serve the critical role of promoting health. Allen highlighted that focusing on capacities, resources and capacities of the family was the most critical step in establishing a working partnerships between the family and the nurse.

The Biological Approach Essay Example for Free

The Biological Approach Essay One of the most perplexing issues in psychology is understanding the relationship between the mind and the brain. We all recognize that we have conscious awareness of our surroundings, and also of ourselves (self-awareness). It is this experience which has normally been described as the mind. But what is the basis of the mind? Is it the expression of a non-physical soul, or is it a product of physical processes within our body? Philosophers and scientists have been pondering this question for centuries. Explaining the nature of consciousness (that is, the mind) was regarded by William James (one of the great pioneers of psychology) as the most challenging question for psychology to answer. Today, a hundred years after James made that comment, the challenge still exists. Physiological Foundations of Behavior Underlying questions about mind and brain are a number of basic assumptions. Most physiological researchers today are materialists, who see both behavior and consciousness as simply the product of physiological processes. In essence, the brain is the mind. Thus, the task is to identify the structures and processes which produce conscious awareness. Among those who take this approach are James Watson (co-discoverer of DNA) and Dominic Domasio. Both are engaged in research aimed at supporting this view, and their work has drawn public attention. (See references below.) Arrayed against this stance are a number of opponents, who argue the issue on various grounds. Some physiological researchers have adopted a neo-Cartesian position, arguing that consciousness (and therefore the mind) is not localized in any brain structure, and can therefore not be unequivocally proven to be purely physical in nature. Among these are John Eccles, an eminent British researcher, and the late Wilder Penfiel d, a pioneering Canadian neurosurgeon. Another approach to the issue comes from those who connect mind to the sense of self. This idea also has Cartesian overtones, since the self is closely associated with the notion of a soul in traditional thought. While many variants exist, the basic argument is that the self is a phenomenological construction, which is both in continual flux, and yet experienced as an on-going identity. In this view, the mind/self may well be a product of physiological processes, but it is no more synonymous with the underlying structures than a building is synonymous with its builder. Roger Sperry, a pioneer in the study of hemispheric specialization, has described consciousness as an emergent process of the braina product of the whole, whose properties cannot be explained simply by studying the underlying structures. At present, of course, the debate cannot be resolvedthe answer to William James century-old question continues to elude us. Studying Mind and Brain: The Use of Case Studies One of the earliest methods used to explore the workings of the brain was the detailed analysis of clinical patientstypically individuals who had suffered some type of physical trauma. Such case studies have often led to remarkable insights. For example, Pierra Broca in 1861 was able to identify an area of the brain involved with speech production (now called Brocas area) based on studying an individual who for more than thirty years had suffered a fundamental language defect: he could understand spoken language, and could make various sounds, but could not produce coherent speech. Based on his behavioral observations and an anatomic analysis after the patient died, Broca concluded that speech capacity is located in the third convolution of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. This represented a dramatic advance in physiological understandingforming a direct connection between the structure of the brain and behavior. In addition, Broca saw the broader implications of his analysis, asserting that all behavior can be associated to some specific mechanism/structure in the braina concept called localization of function. Over time, researchers have used case studies to gather further support for this principle. Today, other techniques have provided new ways to study the functions of the brain, but case studies still provide insights, as well as fascinating reading. The Case of Phineas Gage One of the best-known clinical cases involved a dramatic injury to an unfortunate railroad worker, Phineas Gage. One day in 1848, he was working on track construction near Cavendish, Vermont. While Gage was placing an explosive charge, a spark of metal against rock set off the charge, sending a long metal tamping rod flying upwards. The rod entered Gages head just below the left eye, and exited from the tob of his skull, somewhat forward of left center. Remarkably, Gage survived (though he was blinded in his left eye). Even more remarkably, his behavior changed dramatically. Whereas Gage had previously been likeable and responsible, he became erratic, and given to terrible fits of temper. Sadly, he spent his remaining years wandering around the United States, displaying the hole in his skull and the iron rod which had brought him such grief. Gages story has been a source of endless fascination ever since. (His skull, and the iron rod, are still on display in the Harvard Medical School museum.) Given the pathway of the rod through his head, it would seem that the injury extensively damaged the association areas of the left frontal lobe. The behavioral changes, especially in emotionality, have been used as evidence that this region is involved in the expression of emotion. (A view seconded by advocates of frontal lobotomies in the 1940s and 50s.) Drugs and Behavior As discussed in the text, psychoactive drugs affect behavior by affecting neural activity. Drugs may do this in various ways (for example, mimicing a natural neurotransmitter, or altering its normal function and metabolism), and many drugs affect a variety of different types of neurons in various parts of the brain. Consequently, it can be difficult to pinpoint precisely how a drug works. This is one reason new drugs must go through extensive laboratory and clinical testing before they are approved for public use. The difficulties are further compounded when dealing with illicit drugs, sold on the street. Because there is no mechanism for quality control, users may receive drugs of varying potency and purityand in some cases, what is sold is not even what it is claimed to be. (For example, a combination of strychnine and milk powder has been sold as heroin, and various substances have been sold as MDMA or ecstasy.) Consequently, street drugs pose two concerns: the effects of the drug (including long-term effects) may not be well understood, and the risks associated with taking something whose true content is uncertain. Note that these concerns have nothing to do with moral attitudes towards drug use: they represent practical concerns about the use of illicit psychoactive drugs. Genetics and Behavior Earlier this year, researchers announced that the mapping of the human genome, is nearing completion, at least in preliminary form. In many ways, this represents one of the greatest feats in the history of science: for one thing, our genetic makeup is extraordinarily complex, being composed of some 100,000 genes made up of millions of individual amino acids. At an even deeper level, identifying our genes poses the possibility of understanding what role genetics plays in our behavior. The debate between nativists, who believe that behavior is fundamentally innate, and environmentalists, who believe our behavior is shaped by our experiences, goes back to ancient times. (As Approaches to Psychology notes, it has been argued that the first known psychology experiment, in ancient Babylon, was concerned with whether language was innate or learned.) Today, a wide variety of techniques are used to explore the issues of heredity; one of the most recent has been the application of evolutionary theory to try to understand how inherited behaviors may have originated, called evolutionary psychology. (Of course, this assumes that behavior is inherited to begin with!) Applying the Concepts: Sensory Processes As noted in Chapter 1, the process of perception starts with stimulation of our senses; our understanding of the world starts with what our senses tell us. Yet how do our senses handle the the diverse types of stimuli we experience so that the brain can process the information we receive? While many details are still not fully understood, it is possible to describe the the general nature of sensory processinga process that is both complex and remarkable. The basic challenge for the nervous system is to translate the information represented by sensory stimuli into neural signalsa process called transduction. Each of our senses is designed to respond to different types of stimuli: light for vision, sound waves for hearing, odor molecules for smell, and so on. In order to handle this diversity, each of our five senses uses different types of receptors, each specialized to process a different type of stimulus. For example, there are receptors for touch that respond to pressure against th e skin, and different receptors that respond primarily to heat or cold. The receptors are the input for sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Sensory neurons in turn connect to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), forming specialized neural pathways for each of the five senses. This specialization is both practical and necessary, but it does produce an interesting consequencein essence, the pathways for each sense are designed to convey information related to that sense mode, regardless of what triggered the activity. That is, the sensations we experience depend on the pathway stimulated, not the form of the stimulation. A German researcher named Johannes MÃ ¼ller first noted this in the 1830s, calling it the law of specific nerve energies. Thus, if you close your eyelid and press gently on your eye with your finger, you will see spots of lightthe result of the pressure producing randomized activation of receptors rather than light reaching the receptors on your retina. In the end, what we know about the world depends on the characte ristics of our senses as much as it does on what is out there! While MÃ ¼llers law suggests that sometimes our senses can mislead us, in everyday life, sensory processing is remarkably reliable and adaptable. For example, our retina has a complex structure which includes three types of cone receptors, maximally sensitive to three different wavelengths (and therefore colors) of light, as well as narrower rod receptors which are optimized for functioning in very low levels of light (as in night vision). These receptors are in turn connected to two further layers of cells, called bipolar cells and ganglion cells. The cells within the retina are connected in complex ways that enhance contrast and detection of boundaries; in turn, the axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve, which relays visual information for further visual processing. (For more information about the eye, and a self-quiz, see the web site maintained by optometrist Ted Montgomery.) Hearing is mediated by cells in the inner ear which have fine filaments sensitive to mechanical vibration, called hair cells. Normally, sound waves (vibration) are transmitted through the air to the tympanic membrane (ear drum), then via th e bones of the middle ear (which are arranged in way which provides the capacity to amplify or dampen the intensity of the vibrations) to the cochlea of the inner ear. The shape of the cochlea, along with the structure of the hair cells, allows different cells to be maximally sensitive to different frequenciesa basic feature of our sense of hearing. For touch, as noted, receptors of different types are distributed across our body in a non-uniform wayfor example, the density of touch receptors is much greater on our fingertips and lips than it is on our back or upper thighs. The sensory nerves for touch are the only sense mode which link to the spinal cord as the entry point to the central nervous system; the pathways for all the other senses go directly from receptors (sensory neurons) to the brain. (In the case of vision, the retina itself is in fact a combination of sense receptors and cells which are properly considered part of the central nervous system.) Taste and smell are generally grouped together, because of their role as chemical sensesthat is, they function by detecting the presence of particular molecules, rather than types of energy. They are also related in terms of their importance in relation to our experience of food: much of what we call taste is actually a response to smell. For example, try the following expe riment with a friend: In advance, cut a slice of apple and a slice of onion (but dont let the person see them). Blindfold the person, and then ask them to bite the apple, while simultaneously holding the onion close to their nose. Because the texture of the two is similar, the odor of the onion will overwhelm the actual taste of the appleand your friend is likely to believe youve given them a slice of onion to eat! Beyond such generalities, it turns out that smell and taste are extremely complex; current evidence suggests that there are different types of receptors within each of these senses, and that the pattern of response to different stimuli are the basis of experiencing different smells and odors (somewhat analogous to the way cone receptors are the basis of color vision). Beyond the receptors, sensory information travels along specialized pathways within the brain. A major relay point for these pathways is the thalamus en route to the cortex. Remarkably, despite the transformation of the sensory signal into a neural signal, and the routing through a series of connections within the CNS, the information which reaches the cortex typically preserves significant detail about the nature, location, and timing of the stimulus. (For example, one can identify where on the body a touch stimulus occurred, the order in which sounds occurred, etc.) In the cortex, as noted in the text, sophisticated processing occurs, in regions whose functions are dedicated to sensory processing. (Primary locations are the occipital lobe for vision, temporal lobe for hearing, parietal lobe for touch, and frontal lobe for some aspects of taste and smell.) In turn, this information is integrated across senses, and with memories of past experiences, to produce our perceptions of the world. Simple, isnt it?!

The Significance of the Beowulf Poem :: Epic Beowulf essays

The Significance of the Beowulf Poem      Ã‚   There are many characteristics of the Beowulf poem that make it a significant part of the history of literature.   It is a perfect representation of how the people in eighth century England communicated, what their feelings were, and their culture.   "It gives us vital information about Old English social life and about Old English politics and about many things that scholars would like to have much more information on."(Raffel ix)   Another characteristic is that the Beowulf poem was passed down orally.   The poem contains aspects of Christianity what form it takes in the story.   It is also sort of a history of how the English language has changed in the many years from then until now. The poem also contains many mythical references and it contains   a great hero.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beowulf is considered an artifact by many because "it is the oldest of the English long poems and may have been composed more than twelve hundred years ago."(Beowulf 19)   It deals with events of the early 6th century and is believed to have been composed between 700 and 750.   "No one knows who composed Beowulf , or why.   A single manuscript (Cotton Vitellius A XV) managed to survive Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, and the destruction of their great libraries; since his name is written on one of the folios, Lawrence Nowell, the sixteenth-century scholar, may have been responsible for Beowulf's preservation."(Raffel ix)   An interesting fact that is unique about the poem is that "it is the sole survivor of what may have been a thriving epic tradition, and it is great poetry."(Raffel ix)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poem was composed and performed orally.   "Old English bards, or scops, most likely began by piecing together traditional short songs, called heroic lays; they then gradually added to that base until the poem grew to its present size.   The verse form is the standard Old English isochronic:   each line contains for stresses; there is a strong caesura in the middle of the lines and the resultant half lines are bound together by alliteration.   Although little Old English poetry survives, Beowulf's polished verse and reflective, allusive development suggest that it is part of a rich poetic tradition.

In paper for Martin Luther Trial

Martin Luther is a German monk. He has given himself up to the authority of the Catholic Church to address the charges that he is a heretical revolutionist. The year is 1520 and it is taken place in the city of Worms. Historians have said that this trial has led to the birth of the modern world. Martin Luther was on a journey to Worms when a bolt of lightening knocked Luther to the ground. Luther took the lightening to be a call from God, and to the disappointment of his father, who hoped he would become a lawyer, took vows at an Augustinian monastery to begin a profoundly Christian life.A trip to Rome in 1510 caused Luther to begin to seriously question certain Catholic practices. As he watched incompetent, flippant, and cynical clergy performing their holy duties he began to experience doubts about the Catholic Church. Encouraged by the reception to his views, Luther aimed at new targets. He challenged the power of the Church to excommunicate its members, writing that only God coul d sever spiritual communion. He also questioned the primacy of the Church in Rome, suggesting that there was a lack of historical support for putting its authority above that of other churches.By holding steadfast to his interpretation of Scripture, Luther provided the impetus for the Reformation, a reform movement that would divide Europe into two regions, one Protestant and one Catholic. This set the scene for religious wars. Martin Luther is being charged on 2 counts. One, inciting members of the Catholic Church to rebel against the authority and established doctrines of the universal Christian church. Two, willful denial of the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.Opening statement: Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. My name is Elizabeth and it is my privilege to represent Martin Luther in this case before you today. You have heard the prosecutors explain what they hope to be proven, but the prosecutors did not tell you â€Å"all† of the facts. It is said that Luther was ‘inciting members of the Catholic Church to rebel against the authority' but Luther was representive of his time in the sense that he articulated the widespread desire for reform of the Christian church and a deep yearning for salvation.It has also been said that Luther has a willful denial of the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church when it is just that he arrived at a new understanding of the Christian doctrines. He became to believe that salvation comes not through external observances and penance but through a simple faith in Christ. The witnesses we will be examining is Martin Luther, Henry VIII, John Calvin, Queen Elizabeth, Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, and Anabaptist. After listening to what the witnesses have said we would ask you to keep an open mind and listen to ALL the evidence and return a verdict of not guilty. Thank you.

Punishment And Crime Essay

â€Å"An eye for an eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The standards by which individuals and society subscribe to where being done wrong and seeking retribution, or in the general scope, where crime and punishment is concerned, can be summed up and approximated in the aforementioned line. Our view of justice, the resolution of a violation, and the prevention thereof doesn’t stray far from the said concept either. While other countries, particularly those in the middle eastern region, tolerate and employ the said ideology in the literal sense, mutilating the arms and limbs of people caught guilty of thievery, for instance. In the much more ‘civilized’ and ‘developed’ nation that is our country however, the instance of ‘Retribution,’ ‘Deterrence,’ ‘Rehabilitation,’ and ‘Societal Protection’ exists as corresponding forms of punishment to violations against humanity and against society’s prescribed laws. Its eff ectivity in terms of deterring crime, however, remains subjective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of retribution or retributive justice exists under the premise that people are, or should be dealt with a punishment which fits in proportion to their respective crimes. The concept of ‘merit’ and ‘desert’ are introduced as factors central to retributive justice (Maiese). The simplest explanation would be that if a person where to do ‘good’ and work hard, his or her actions will be met with an equal amount of goodness, or reward. Conversely, a person who commits to doing the opposite, who breaks laws and violates aspects of humanity, are to receive a form of punishment equal to what they have inflicted. Where the instance of ‘merit’ and ‘desert’ is concerned, justice is defined by dealing a person the corresponding reward or punishment which he or she deserves based on the instance of ‘good’ and ‘bad,’ ‘right’ and ‘wron g’ courses of action which a person chooses to pursue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Punishment in retributive justice constitutes the previously quoted line in the introduction of this paper, albeit not as literally; which, in the context of almost every justice system, and to put it quite crudely, people are to be treated in the same manner by which they choose to treat other individuals. This much is evident in the amount of community service, jailtime, and other forms of punishment which an offender is obliged to fulfill depending on the gravity of the crimes or offenses he or she has committed. Crimes and offenses which may range from driving without a license to armed robbery, rape, and perhaps even murder, will determine whether the offender in question will receive a simple reprimand, a ticket or a fine, a day in a jail cell, or be committed to minimum or maximum security, and to the most grave of offenses, receive capital punishment or death penalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theory of deterrence on the other hand, departs from the seeming reasonable sensibilities afforded by the concept of retribution and runs under the idea that if a corresponding consequence or punishment of a crime outweighs the possible benefit or significance of committing it, the person who intends to commit the said crime may be deterred from pursuing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deterrence turns to the instance of heavier consequences to criminal acts and offenses as opposed to punishments proportionate to actions which have been committed, as a more effective way of preventing individuals from committing crimes. The theory of deterrence runs under the premise and assumption that every individual is conscious of his or her actions, that people are consciously aware of what constitutes ‘good’ and ‘evil’ and that people’s action, be it of deviance or conformity, subscribing to rules or breaking it, results from free will. Under the said assumptions, people who are inclined to break the law or commit to similar acts of violations are aware of the consequence and gravity of the situation. Knowing that the corresponding consequences will have a greater negative impact than the deviance and offenses they may choose to commit will advise them to do otherwise. In the instance that people are blamed or convicted for crimes and offenses they did not commit, punishments would appear greater than they already are. For most people, this appears to be the most effective way of deterring crime, but it also appears to be the least humane and insensible where offenders are concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the subject of relatively ‘humane’ methods of punishment, the concept of rehabilitation seems to effectively apply. A term which probably closesly identifies with drug abuse, excessive smoking, eating disorders, and other behavioral problems, the concept of rehabilitation applies to more than the said destructive behaviors and relates to a type of punishment which confines an individual to a place where he or she is unable to repeat offenses and untolerated acts which he or she has previously committed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rehabilitation turns to a less immediate and much lengthier process of ‘punishing’ the criminal or offender in question. ‘Doing time’ in prison cells and rehabilitation centers may appear the most tame and seemingly weak or ineffective forms of punishment, but the reality of incarceration, of being put away and shut out from the rest of society, and rotting away in a period of time which appear to span indefinitely, bears it own share of torment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The said form of punishment has the capacity to affect the offender in question on a psychological level, as he or she is forced to contemplate the nature of his or her actions and its consequences in the course of the said person’s confinement and rehabilitation, at the end of which the individual in question is released and deemed fit to continue his or her life and start anew. Crimes are supposed to be deterred by keeping people away from society at large, who may choose to repeat the said crimes or influence others from doing the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Societal Protection concerns itself with the rights and needs of the society as a whole, as opposed to individuals which comprise it, and turning to forms of punishment such as the previously mentioned rehabilitation, among others, as a means of protecting and preserving roles, function, structures, and procesess within society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ultimately, society and individuals within it do what they can to ensure security, peace and stability from ensuing and taking hold. Not every form of punishment that has been discussed can be deemed rational and effective in every aspect, and they can vary in meaning and translation from one individual to the next. But as far as opinions apply, it exists as the least of surprises how certain forms of evil can’t be countered and put off by other forms of evil. Retribution will not solve people and society’s problems, and forms of punishment, however necessary, unfortunately only reflect society’s capacity to inflict pain and suffering to people who may or may not truly deserve them. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keel, Robert. â€Å"Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory.† 14 July 2005. Retrieved 18 January 2008 from http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/ratchoc.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maiese, Michelle. â€Å"Types of Justice.† July 2003. Retrieved 18 January 2008 from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/types_of_justice/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maiese, Michelle. â€Å"Retributive Justice.† May 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/retributive_justice/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summerfield, Morgan. â€Å"Evolution of Deterrence Crime Theory.† 18 May 2006.   Retrieved   Ã‚   18 January 2008 from  Ã‚   http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/32600/

Feminism And Gender Equality Essays - Womens Rights, Gender Studies

Feminism And Gender Equality Essays - Womens Rights, Gender Studies Feminism And Gender Equality Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990's Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions of women's roles continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It is these social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. In this study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughout educational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women's experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedan's, in her essay: The Way We Were - 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, the subtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish and evil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be a psychologist, of a story in McCall's in December 1949 called A Weekend with Daddy. A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-all psychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife, who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love and laughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and square dancing, and she doesn't want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away all by herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on she will be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the country where they know what life is all about. (See Endnote #1) I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find their historical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with her third child in 1949. Her work experience included: interior design and modeling women's clothes for the Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt as moved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reaction was to point out that Betty Friedan was a college educated woman and she had certain goals that never interested me. My grandmother, though growing up during a time when women had few social rights, said she didn't experience oppressive sexism in her life. However, when she describes her life accomplishments, I feel she has spent most of her life fulfilling the expected roles of women instead of pursuing goals that were mostly reserved for men. Unknowingly, her life was controlled by traditional, sexist values prevalent in her time and still prevalent in the nineties. Twenty-four years after the abo ve article from McCall's magazine was written, the Supreme Court decided whether women should have a right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I believe the decision was made in favor of women's rights mostly because the court made a progressive decision to consider the woman as a human who may be motivated by other things in life than just being a mother. Justice Blackmun delivered the following opinion: Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. There is also a distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. (See Endnote #2) I feel the court decision of Roe v. Wade would no t have been made in 1949. Even in 1973, it was a progressive decision. The problem of abortion has existed for the entire history of this country (and beyond), but had

What Your Sales Team Wishes Every Marketer Would Start Doing

What Your Sales Team Wishes Every Marketer Would Start Doing The relationship between sales and marketing teams is often tumultuous and complicated. They share the same goals, yet they squabble and fight like children. They easily point fingers and tattletale about what the other is doing wrong. Let’s dive into the mind of a salesperson to understand how sales and marketing teams can work together, instead of against each other. Today, we’re talking to Kris Nelson, head of sales at . He shares what sales teams truly think about marketers and how the two can minimize conflict and improve collaboration. Learn how to avoid pitfalls by following ’s techniques. Sales and marketing people typically argue about bad leads, not following up on leads, etc.; there’s a stigma that sales and marketing teams just don’t get along Minimize conflict through open lines of communication to develop rapport/trust Establish credibility that you know what you’re doing as a salesperson; gain marketers’ trust by being good at selling the leads they give you Share your opinions and feedback; don’t tear down processes, improve them Define/evaluate marketing qualified leads (MQLs)/sales qualified leads (SQLs) BANT: Budget, authority, need, and timing Biggest breakdowns often occur when learning how to work together and how individuals communicate to be more efficient Growing pains you experience as your platform, solution, and functionality evolve Not all prospects are created equal; ways to handle different types of prospects Establish who owns opportunities and when; work smarter, not harder Ideal profile/persona of a customer Common issue marketers struggle with centers around planning and visibility Links: Autopilot Salesforce Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Kris Nelson: â€Å"You’ll certainly find a lot of finger pointing at times, when it comes to sales and marketing.† â€Å"We’re kind of all on the same team. Let’s make sure were working together vs. working against each other.† â€Å"(Develop) open lines of communication to develop that trust that everyone’s working the right way.† â€Å"You’re really looking to not necessarily tear down the process, but more so look to improve it.†

Nursing -improper identifacation of non pressure wound Research Paper

Nursing -improper identifacation of non pressure wound - Research Paper Example Nurses often fail to recognize non-pressure ulcers and document them as pressure ulcers, thus leading to confused and suboptimal treatments and devastating consequences to the patient. In diabetic ulcers, delayed and inappropriate treatment increases the risk of amputation. Thus, it is very important to identify and documents ulcers appropriately. In this essay, improper identification of non-pressure wounds will be discussed through review of appropriate literature. Evaluation and improper identification and documentation of non-pressure wounds The first step in the evaluation of a patient with ulcer is taking appropriate medical history and hence this aspect is very important to ascertain whether the ulcer is pressure or non-pressure type. History should include age and sex of the patient and presenting complaints. The chronology of events, whether the onset of the wound was traumatic or spontaneous, the treatments taken for the wounds and the outcomes of the treatments must be enq uired. The history should also include whether the ulcer is associated with pain and if present, whether the pain is sudden in onset, and whether it is nocturnal or present when the leg has been in the dependent position for a long time. Other details to be included in the history are history of any chronic disease like diabetes and hypertension, occupational history, history of varicose veins, previous history of lower limb wounds/ulcers/gangrene, history of amputations and history of any other surgeries. Family history of similar ulcers also must be enquired into (Kunimoto, 2001). Influence of biological and social factors also must be assessed. The next step in assessment is to determine the etiology and risk factors of the wound. Age, malnutrition, collagen disease and drugs like steroids inhibit wound healing (Kunimoto, 2001). After medical history, physical examination of the wound must be undertaken. Physical examination gives valuable information especially in the elderly wh o cannot recall history details. One of the aims of physical examination is to differentiate between venous leg ulcers and non-venous leg ulcers. Venous leg ulcers occur in the distal medial third of the lower extremity and they are shallow without punched margins. The amount of granulation tissue and its color must also be assessed. Nurses are often confused here. Differences in documentation of the quantity and color of granulation tissue by the nurses have been reported (Frank-Stromborg et al, 2001). Decreased granulation tissue or bluish hue color of this tissue are indicators of bacterial infection. The drainage from the wound must be examined as to whether it is serous, purulent or serosanguinous. There is evidence that there is no homogeneity among nurses and other health professionals in ascertaining the type of secretion from wound (Stremitzer et al, 2007) and this aspect plays a very important role in wound evaluation and diagnosis. Purulent discharge is an indicator of ba cterial infection. The length, depth and width of the ulcer must also be assessed. Surrounding skin examination gives a valuable clue to differentiate between venous and non-venous ulcers. Peripheral arterial circulation assessment is a must in ulcer evaluation. Palpation of the dorsalis pedis artery is useful for this purpose. However, it is absent in about 10% of people. Color and perfusion are other markers for arterial sufficiency. Nurses must be aware of

Materials Engineering - Career Outlook and Responsibilities Research Paper

Materials Engineering - Career Outlook and Responsibilities - Research Paper Example The research was conducted by going through written sources of information found within the Penn state university library system, the study of this engineering material leads to an occupation known as material engineering. Material engineers deal with the development, processing and testing of materials used to create a wide range of products. They employ the use of metals, ceramics, semiconductors, composites and plastics to create new materials that exhibit certain mechanical, electrical, chemical properties superior to the individual constituent materials, and they also come up with new ways of utilizing new materials. The general roles covered by material engineers in all the occupations include: Monitoring performance of materials and evaluation of their deterioration, determining causes of product failure and developing necessary solutions, supervision of the work of other cadres of employees like technicians, designing and directing the processing and testing procedures , plan ning and evaluating new projects in consultation with other necessary personnel. In order to do this they study materials at an atomic level with the aid of computers to help in replicating the characteristics of the materials and their constituents, through this they are able to solve problems cutting across all engineering fields like: chemical, electrical, civil, nuclear and aerospace. Material engineer may specialize in understanding specific types of materials like ceramics, composites, metallurgical materials, plastics or semiconductor materials. INTRODUCTION This research is based on the occupation of the various material engineers. The term material engineering stems from the word engineering materials, the in-depth understanding of materials used in engineering qualifies one to be called materials engineer. The information used in this research was gathered through written sources of information through the Penn state university library system, occupational handbook of the federal government of the United States of America and non commercial websites as indicated herein in the citations. The content of the research majorly covers the study of engineering materials. Engineering materials refer to the materials that constitute part of structures, products, devices and mechanisms that are used daily to maintain or improve life and uplift the living standards of the people. Materials engineering refers to the process of the study of engineering materials, developing, processing and testing materials used to create a wide range of products. It also entails the creation of new materials and new ways of their application (Kenneth and Michael). This research covers the career outlook of material engineers and their responsibilities in their respective fields, material engineering as a profession entails numerous carriers depending on the continuous and unending needs of the society. In every occupation discussed below in the major section covers the following ; Description of the job and responsibilities, Education

The picture people have of the 1950's is largely a product of Essay

The picture people have of the 1950's is largely a product of television shows such as I LOVE LUCY, LEAVE IT TO BEAVER, AND OTHER OLD BLACK AND WHITE SHOWS. HO - Essay Example The 50s were also the times when the nation was introduced to television en masse but it was also a time of high mortgage rates, development of suburbs, and a closer concept of a family (Socha, 1996). In such times, TV acted as a family medium with primetime programming which appealed to families of the time. While some TV families were portrayed as living in cities and small towns, others were portrayed as living in rural areas but it was more a touch of nostalgia rather than the factual representation of the American family. The ethnic makeup of the television family was almost always European immigrants rather than black, Hispanic or Asian while it was certainly a time when immigration from the lesser developed countries of the world to America began in earnest. The image of the family on TV in the 1950s was also important for political reasons since the influence of the media on juvenile delinquency and other social problems had been discussed in Congress. The media certainly had to play its part in promoting the ideas of strong family values and connections between individuals in a family rather than represent what was actually happening in a society that was just coming to terms with the losses it had suffered in the war and the economic boom it had experienced during the war years. While discussing the position on family life shown on TV in the 1950s, Spigel (2007) reports that, â€Å"Programs such as The Donna Reed Show, Leave it to Beaver, and Father Knows Best presented idealized versions of white middle-class families in suburban communities (Spigel, 2007, Pg.1)†. Therefore, if we watch the same shows today, we do not get an accurate representation of how society functioned and how family dynamics worked in the 1950s. What we do get is a vision of the producers and directors of the same shows for how they think society should have functioned. Even through the 60s, the idea of being divorced was not acceptable to be presented on TV and family