Commercial Environment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2344 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  WTO founder members (January 1, 1995)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  WTO subsequent members Formation January 1, 1995 Headquarters Centre William Rappard, Geneva, Switzerland Membership 153 member states Official  languages English, French, Spanish Director-General Pascal Lamy Budget 189 million Swiss francs (approx. 182 million USD) in 2009. Ever since the WTO came into existence on January 1, 1995 , Indian economy has witnessed a tremendous change. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Commercial Environment" essay for you Create order Some people believe that the WTO agreements would affect only those who are in international trade ; those producing and selling domestically will remain unaffected. This is only an illusion. Those in international trade have engaged in other sectors , shocks are soon to follow. In one word, all categories of economic functionaries and all sectors of the economy are going to feel the pinch of the WTO economic regime, in varying from and content ; WTO is as much important to farmers , scientists , singers and writers as to industrialists , traders or sundary service providers. Given WTOs enormous significance to our economic existence , the Indian Economic Association considered it advisable to institute WTO and the Indian Economy as one of the four themes for the 83rd conference. The present volume is based on 23 papers submitted for the conference under this theme. After seven years of protracted negotiations called Uruguay Round of Table Negotiations a new rule based tradi ng system with a new apex body , the World Trade Organization (WTO) , equipped with the authority of enforcing the commitments , rules and norms of discipline came into existence on January 1 , 1995. This Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations was unique in several respects. It covered many new areas such as Agriculture , Textiles , Technology , Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) , Trade Related Investment , Services , etc. The new institution WTO is equipped with legal authority and provisions for enforcement of the rules and the disciplines of the new trading system. Some of the positive achievements of the Uruguay Round Of Trade Negotiations , that have been incorporated in the final Act and the WTO framework , need to be explicitly recognized. Over the past several years , many countries , which were vocal advocates of free trade and free play of market forces , had been adopting. Before the WTO came , until 1994, international trade in merchandise was guided by the rules a nd provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WHAT IS WTO? The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global organization dealing with rules of trade between nations, who are members of the organization. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows smoothly and freely . Decisions in the WTO are normally taken by consenus among all member countries and they are ratified by members parliaments of senates. However in trade off on decisions , gains may be unequal at times. Conflict over trade is focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments , ensuring countries trade policies conform with them. At the heart of the system multilateral trading system are the WTOs agreements , negotiated and signed by most nations participating in global trade. These agreements are the legal ground rules for international commerce. They are in essence contracts , guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybodys benefit. It came in 1995. This makes it one of the youngest of international organizations . WHY WTO ? WTO was established to deal with three major counts namely Trade Related Aspects of Investment Measures (TRIMs) , Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) , and trade in services . the other services which the WTO was also supposed to perform are as under: To facilitate the implementation , administration and operations of multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements. To arrange the forum for deliberations for the member nations in regard to their multilateral trade relations in issues dealt with under the agreements. To provide a framework for implementing of the results arising out of the deliberations which took place at Ministerial Conference Level. To manage the created understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes (DSU). To manage effectively and efficiently the trade policy review mechanism (TRIM). To create more coherence in respect of global economic policymaking , it would cooperate with the IMF and th e World Bank and its affiliated Organisation. INDIA AND WTO INDIA HEADING FOR WTO It was not a sudden development or a hasty choice that brought India to the WTOs fold. An objective assessment of the circumstances into which the Indian economy had landed itself in the late seventies or the early eighties , would convince us that India could no more adhere to the inward looking economic strategy of the past. By the time the Uruguay Round concluded in 1994 , India was well prepared to join the WTO family ; all preludes were already in position. INDIAN ECONOMY IN RECENT YEARS. The impact that WTO membership would make on the Indian economy is an issue of paramount national importance. It is a little pre mature to make a judgement , at this stage , essentially because things have just evolving. A neat picture will emerge well after all agreement are implemented world wide , net of neutralizations and modifications that might come off because of the voices being raised by the developing economies, including India , and the countervailing strategies to be unleashed by the vested trade interests. Moreover , India herself has yet to complete the last bit of the opening up on April 1 , 2001. Furthermore , this is hardly the stage at which we can scientifically delineate the effect of a particular agreement , or a specific aspect for the same , on the concerned sector , free of other interconnections. Hence the best we can do is to make some conjectures on the basis of what has been going on in the recent past. Indeed , this is our only analytical cho ice , since the kind of economic regime that may emerge in the next few years would only be re affirmations , and a gradual extension , of the globalization and trade liberalization policies set afloat during the second half of the 1990s when WTO came. IMPACT OF WTO ON INDIAN ECONOMY The principal mandate of the WTO is to promote an open equitable and non discriminatory multilateral trading system . Richardos principle of comparative advantage guides the WTOs concept of equitable trade. The WTOs emphases is on competitive efficiency and economies. The WTO started work on January 1 , 1995 on the basis of the agreement signed by 125 nations at Marrakesh in April 1994.According to the WTO , the members themselves decides on the rules governing their trade relations , and periodically enter into rounds of negotiations aimed at further opening up of markets and reforming the agreements. The WTO as expected to play a crucial role in implementing the new World Trade System visualized in the Uruguay IMPACT OF DIFFERENT BUSINESSES ON INDIA BY WTO AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the oldest culture in human civilization. The later day spin off is barter , trade , commerce and industry. Originally , trade was free as it was logically bound by territorial restrictions imposed by limitations of communication. Flow of good and availability of services faced obstruction at the border when the state of nature changed to culminate into political society married to the idea of national sovereignty. World Trade Organization (WTO) is the principal institution of free trade. AREAS OF REFORM IN AGRICULTURE The main elements of reform to be undertaken as set out in the agreement on agriculture (AOA) touch and concern three areas of policy: Market access Domestic support , and Export subsidies INDIAN AGRICULTURE SCENE Valibility of Indian agriculture in the new setting of international trade need not be viewed in isolation only in terms of the prospects for commodity wise benefit under the provisions of the WTO although an agricultural commodity. The fortunes of Indian agriculture which now accounts for around 30 percent of GDP is inseparably linked with the rest of the economy and as such impact of macroeconomic reforms on the terms of trade for agriculture , private investment and its ability to access modern technology and inputs for diversifying agricultural output in a cost effective manner cannot be ignored . it is now acknowledged that full fledged macroeconomic reforms launched since the early 1990s have improved the incentive framework for Agriculture terms of trade now a agricultural sector, through still adverse were progressively improving. Consequently , private investment in agriculture has risen significantly in the post reform . The strategic objectives in the process were to ensure : Expansion of production base Raising productivity of the existing crops Alternative sources of livelihood Protection from risks and uncertainities Alternative cropping pattern in place of tobacco plantation. IMPACTS ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE BY WTO ARE: All non tariff barriers are to b replaced and tariffs will have to be replaced by 26 percent by developing countries. Reductions in tariffs are required to be implemented over a period of 10 years by developing nations from January 1 ,1995. The removal of important restrictions according to WTO norms will lead to a rise in Indian imports but will however adversely affect domestic producers of agricultural commodities. The reduction in subsidies may adversely impact agriculture and import of quality patented goods and will also result in high cost to Indian farmers. India will have to speed up the process of awarding patents to all agricultural products during the implementation period , that is 1995 2004 , various facilities are required there. Countries with closed farm markets will have to import at least three percent of domestic consumption products, rising to five percent over a period of six years. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES Impact on small scale industries by WTO: No single agreement of WTO directly dealing with the SSIs. Tariffs were reduced and dismantling of non tariff barriers. Under this scenario Indian SSIs would not only face competition from MNCs but large Indian companies also. The government removed Quantitative Restrictions on 714 items and remaining 715 items have been removed from Quantitative Restrictions by 31st March 2001. The removal of QR will practically affect all segments of the small scale sector. The textile industry of Gujarat as well as the weaving and spinning co operatives in South India will face stiff competition due to imports from china , korea and Thailand . Any and every kind of fabric can be sold locally after paying custom duties averaging at 35 percent. Textile items are now freely importable. Dumping of goods were there . TEXTILE AND CLOTHING The textiles and clothing sector has been protected by developed countries since the 1960s through quantitative restrictions imposed on exports of the third world. Normally in Such a situation , the developed countries should have resorted to some precautionary action under the provisions of Article XIX of GAT 1994 to restrain the imports. There had been a Short Term Agreement and a Long Term Agreement covering textiles and clothing a comprehensive agreement in this sector was worked out in 1973. Its coverage was expanded to include fibers other than cotton , wool and synthetic fibers. This was also popularly known as Multi Fibre Agreement. FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY Impact of WTO on Food Processing Industry are: There is no disputing the fact that food processing industry is a primitive stage in India. Following are the impacts of WTO on this industry: Because of inadequate storage facilities farmers usually do not get a good price for their produce since there are not enough processing units. Lack of liberalization of rules to encourage investment in these areas. Food safety and security will continue to be an important plank for restoration of WTO standards and regulation of WTO standards and regulation for food security. Less development in food processing PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Impact on this industry by WTO are: All quantitative restrictions on pharmaceutical products are to be removed latest by the year 2002. Free trade in medicines were there worldwide. Indias share in the world pharmaceutical market was just 1.5 percent , which is likely to rise to 2.4 percent by 2005. The impact was that there is no industry with its market share greater than 6 percent. Mergers increases and acquisitions in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry , as worldwide corporate RD centers undergo a consolidation phase. Exports are increased as a result of the WTO accord. Deductions limit for expenses by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies raises from 125 percent to 150 percent. MARKET ACCESS IN INDIA Rates of import tariffs in India are quite high, which had had its impact on development of the trade and industry. The indirect taxes contribute a major proportion of the revenue of the Union Government . Any reduction in the rates of import duties will have its impact on the central kitty unless suitably augmented by other resources. The domestic producers in India have several disadvantages as compared to manufacturers in the world markets, such as higher cost of capital and power, low productivity of labour. There is a lack of efficient infrastructural support. Competition among unequals would generate distortions.. Competition is not fair between unequals. OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED BY WTO Opportunities provided by WTO to india are: Indias service exports could get a boost , the potential for which is available in the form of technically qualified personnel . India will gain from reduced import tariff by industrially developed countries , as some countries have agreed to harmonize tariffs and bring down the average tariffs on India goods. The removal of quotas under A multifiber agreement will help Indias textiles and garment export to increase . MFN status, which ensures favourable treatment in the administration of tariffs, is particularly useful for developing countries like India whose economic leverage in world trade is limited. RECOMMENDATIONS Both the external as well as the internal balances should be there in a business for the overall development of the economy. India may have to accelerate the pace of economic reforms, financial liberalization, liberalization policy on FDI and higher investment on infrastructure aimed at making the domestic Industry Internationally Competitive. Commercial and corporate farms may need to be encouraged. On the trade front , a roadmap must be drawn and strategic action be initiated to raise its share in world exports to at least two percent over the next five years. Need based changes must be introduced in land ceiling Act, to enable farmers to make their small holdings economically sustainable and viable.

Animal Cloning Debate Essay - 1045 Words

Animal Cloning Debate A clone is a genetic copy of another living organism –animal, plant or human. Animal cloning is a widely discussed issue in our society today. The question now is whether the Australian government should ban animal cloning. Many opinions are generated from this subject, such as the justifiability of cloning, and how far it should go. Religious views are prevalent, so too are numerous ethical concerns. The issue of whether or not the government should ban cloning has gained progressive attention, as the science of animal cloning is further perfected. BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Animal cloning is the process of creating a biological replicate of another organism with the†¦show more content†¦The donour nucleus can be obtained from embryonic cells that are differentiated into the skin, heart, brain and various other organs. Success rates are very low, with an average of only 1-2% of cloned embryos that lead to a successful clone. Losses occur at all stages of the cloning process. Some cloned embryos do not develop in general, some fail to implant and a high proportion of fetuses die late in pregnancy or soon after birth. Cloned mice have the tendency to be obese and tend to learn more slowly. Many cloned animals have deformities such as an abnormally large size, which endangers the lives of the surrogate mothers carrying them. The causes of the low success rate of cloning are uncertain, but it is likely that it is due to the inadequate reprogramming of the genes of the adult cell by the unfertilized egg. SOCIAL RELEVANCE There will be many different impacts on society if the government’s decides to ban, or not to ban animal cloning. A better knowledge of these impacts can be obtained by discussing the good and bad of animal cloning. One application of the cloning technique is by cloning genetically modified animals, so that their cells and organs can be transplanted into humans. 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Motivation at New United Motor Manufacturing-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Using three motivation theories/frameworks covered in this course, discuss what are the lessons to be learned about motivation from the practices of NUMMI? 2.What would you advise NUMMI management to stop doing, start doing, or do better? Asnwers: Introduction The role of human emotions and drives in employee motivation is explained by a workers cognitive and emotional motivation, perceived clarity of an organizations vision and the workers specific role in that vision, the belief that the employee has the necessary resources to get the job done, and self efficacy (Kreitner Kinicki 2007, p. 23). A persons drive is a hardwired feature of the brain that makes an effort to keep him/her in balance by adjusting deficiencies. Abraham Maslow identified human drives as the main movers of behavior given that they tend to bring about emotions. David McClelland in his Learned Needs Theory also suggested that a persons specific needs are achieved over time and shaped by the individuals life experiences. The individuals achievement motivation, authority/power motivation, and affiliation motivation were identified by McClelland as factors influencing effectiveness and motivation in particular job functions (Kotter 2007, p. 62). Looking at the case pres ented, it is clear to see that NUMMIs management implemented a few initiatives to motivate their employees. 1.Motivation theory #1: Maslows needs hierarchy The reopening of the Fremont plant and application of different management practices and philosophies may be considered a blessing to the staff. The new management aimed at concentrating on novel ideology targeting the construction of high quality vehicles at the lowest possible costs. This meant the involvement of employees in decision making processes, training, job rotation, job allocations and layouts, among other work components (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 60). According to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, individuals usually have a pyramid hierarchy of needs that they will fulfill starting at the bottom, all the way to the top. Significant to this theory is that unsatisfied needs at the bottom of the ladder tend to deter an individual from moving on to the next step. NUMMIs new management was well aware of the fact that using confrontational enforcement of rules would not be as effective in the new regime as implementing flexibility. Maslows theory identified five main needs that people have, and these are physiological, belonging, self-esteem, self realization, and security (Huczynski Buchanan 2013, p. 117). NUMMIs new motivational practices ensured that these needs are met, for instance, the use of only skilled and non-skilled hourly workers fulfilled the employees physiological needs. Their sense of belonging and feeling as part of a group was satisfied by their involvement in deciding training, job rotation, job allocations, and work standards. Self realization and self esteem needs of the employees are now fulfilled by the managements encouragement to work like their name is on the plant (Analoui 2007, p.53). The employees were also encouraged to do more than just finishing their assigned tasks. This ensured that their need to progress, develop and feel good about themselves was catered for. Effective managers and leaders are able to acknowledge the fact that individuals are different. To have this level of understanding means that the management is better able to motivate its staff. The NUMMI management system recognized that some of the employees come to work to earn cash and actually have not desire to get along with their colleagues or move to higher positions within the organization (Biron Bamberger 2010, p. 186). Other employees work to gain experience and get promoted while some work to meet individuals and have personal challenges combined with a sense of attainment. The management also acknowledges that some employees report to work due to a combination of all these reasons. That is why the novel management system aims at establishing a safe and good workplace environment and treating the workers as individuals. To motivate employees having relatedness needs, that is those who find it hard to get along with their colleagues, the NUMMI management aims at not only showing respect and giving recognition by awarding bonuses based on safety, productivity improvement and safety, but also involve the workers in decision making (Giri Santra 2008, 61). Notably, a firm organization that has clear responsibilities generally provides security. NUMMIs management has shown its staff that the senior executives now have lower need for social approval, and this has been exhibited through their open office plan and eating at the same cafeteria. The newly reopened plant has realized that application of Maslows hierarchy needs theory allows it to ensure that the organizational structure motivates employees to reaching their full potential. Motivation theory #2: Job enrichment Job enrichment simply means the vertical expansion of jobs within a given organization. This usually increases the level to which the employee controls the execution, planning, and assessment of work (Kumar 2008, n.p.). Enriched jobs arrange tasks so as to allow the employees to do a full activity, something which increases the workers autonomy and liberty, job responsibility and provides the necessary feedback. At NUMMI, job enrichment is all about giving employees more obligations for planning, coordinating and scheduling their own work. As already indicated, the new management system that has been put in place at the plant ensures that workers are involved in job allocations, training, job rotation, and work standards. Job rotation will allow workers to perform different varieties of jobs. Implementation of participative management will allow the workers to engage in strategic planning and decision making processes. Furthermore, provision of feedback will allow them to determine how well or poor they are performing their tasks. The newly revamped NUMMI has discovered that job enrichment is so far providing more interesting and stimulating work to its staff that adds challenge and variety to a workers day to day routine (Priyadarshini 2009, 70). As a result, the depth of the job is increased and individuals can have more control over their work. This is best illustrated by the new management philosophy where there are no time clocks, only self report time sheets (Unknown author 2013, p. 44). Line workers now have the right and duty to close down their portion of the production line to resolve any operation or quality issues that may arise. When keeping in mind organizational behavior and motivational theories, job enrichment influence on employee motivation is achieved through addition to the quality of tasks instead of their quantity. It is also achieved through the transformation of the work profile through behavioral interventions, rather than technical interventions affected by job enlargement (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 81). According to McClellands theory of needs, job enrichment provides employees with a chance to take up top levels of duties and tasks, thereby satisfying their needs of power, affiliation, and attainment. At NUMMI, workers are officially acknowledged for their commitment and ideas, whether improving production, safety, attendance, or quality. To deepen its staffs knowledge through benefits or initiatives that encourage recognition, advancement, achievement, and responsibility ensures a more productive workforce. Motivation theory #3: Empowerment practices Employee empowerment practices have been embraced at the newly reopened NUMMI in an effort to improve organizational performance. The current business setting is oriented towards effectiveness and business process reengineering as much emphasis is put on performance improvement as a way of increasing such efficiency (Huczynski Buchanchan 2013, p. 120). Employee empowerment simply means giving workers the authority to make their voices heard to contribute towards decisions and plans affecting them, and to utilize their skills to work towards improving their performance and that of the organization as a whole. Empowerment usually incorporates giving workers the responsibility for hands-on service or production activities and the independence to take action or make decisions without prior approval (Meyerson Dewettinck 2012, p. 22). Under the new NUMMI management system, a no-fault attendance system has been put in place where workers are not questioned for absence and no external documentation is required. However, necessary action for termination to take place is taken if the staff is absent more than usual. These empowerment practices aim at improving employee performance due to the chances it provides for workers to work more efficiently. Furthermore, they make NUMMI employees to feel they have liberty and discretion, in addition to believing their work to be of great significance. The workers also have feelings of self efficacy and feel that their behavior eventually influences organizational success (Biron Bamberger 2010, p. 191.). The new management has observed that by empowering employees through the organizational structure, every one of them will have the authority to be more innovative, ensuring that their performance is good if not the best. 2.Stop Doing: Maslows needs hierarchy Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is considered by many organizations today, including NUMMI, to be a valuable approach of thinking about employee incentives and motivation while determining qualitative differences and similarities among them (Rastergar, Mahmoodian Alimadadi 2013, p. 674). Notably, Maslow only considered a small portion of the human population. This means that terms such as security and self esteem have quite diverse groupings in cultures across the globe. Furthermore, the expectations of this particular theory are most probably limited to western cultures. That is why NUMMIs management should stop implementing the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and consider a more suitable and applicable one, such as Adams Equity theory. The theory advocates for a just balance between a workers inputs and outputs. To do so would mean ensuring that a firm and productive relationship is attained with the worker, and the total outcome being motivated, satisfied workers. As other organizations have observed, it is possible for some employees to be deprived of their lower level needs but still manage to strive for self actualization needs (Gupta Shaw 2014, p. 4). Interestingly, Maslows description of self actualization and how self actualized individuals acted and felt were generally founded on writing and speaking with selectively chosen individuals, rather than thorough sampling. Therefore, NUMMIs management should stop focusing solely on self actualization of their workers, and start acknowledging individual and cultural differences. Start Doing: Types of rewards in workplace task performance According to the case study presented, NUMMI awards bonuses to all workers depending on productivity, quality, and safety improvements. Incentives and rewards in any given workplace have great advantages for both employers and workers. There are different types of rewards that are being implemented in todays organizations, for instance, profit sharing plans, paid time off, bonuses, and employee stock alternatives (Bass 2008, p. 101). Monetary rewards are what NUMMI is using to encourage friendly competition between employees in terms of task performance. The other type of reward that is being employed in this particular organization is non-monetary, such as training opportunities, the ability to work autonomously, and flexible work hours. Though NUMMIs new management system aims at promoting a sense of equity and treating workers with dignity, it has not yet implemented other forms of rewards to improve employee performance. Therefore, the organizations management should consider introducing employee recognition as a form of reward. This largely satisfies the psychological desires and needs of workers. Incentives such as employee of the year certificates are effective in boosting employee morale as workers are acknowledged for their outstanding efforts (Unknown author 2013, p. 45). Appreciative feedback from managers and team leaders tend to serve as employee recognition, boosting morale in the process. NUMMI should therefore keep its workers needs and desires in mind when planning the organizations reward system. Do Better: Empowerment practices Similar to any new organization, NUMMI also needs to improve on its organizational performance so as to maintain a competitive edge in todays rapidly changing and harsh business environment. Contemporary organizations are now aware of the worth of empowered workers and are actively striving to structurally increase employee empowerment (Mylonas, Harvey Hodges 2007, p. 83). As already indicated, empowering employees or organizational staff usually encourages more capable, motivated, and confident workers. Furthermore, empowerment results in better performance and higher operational effectiveness. NUMMI has already put in place a number of empowerment practices to ensure job feedback, autonomy, task significance and consideration of individual factors such as ability to carry out the tasks. When delegating responsibility over to its staff, NUMMIs management should consider diversifying authority, which would in turn create more voices, and potentially more dialogue and conflict. These elements tend to slow down the decision making process. Therefore, the organizations management needs to put in place protocols that will alleviate failure and improve decision making effectiveness (Huczynski Buchanchan 2013, p. 124). More importantly, team leaders need to have confidence in their teams. They should also set goals that inspire employees. Conclusion The case study presented is a good example of how todays organizations are making an effort to motivate their employees. The paper has discussed the application of motivation theories and how they assist managers to understand what exactly drives individual behavior. Employee empowerment and job enrichment practices have also been highlighted as motivational approaches that organizations such as NUMMI use. Employee empowerment is the key driver of organizational performance. As stated, money tends to play a significant role in motivating individuals up to a certain level, though other intrinsic motivators are also effective in transforming these behaviors. References Analoui, F 2007, Strategic human resource management, Thomson Learning, UK. Bass, BM 2008, The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications, 4th edition, Simon Schuster, New York, NY. Biron Bamberger, P 2010, The impact of structural empowerment on individual wellbeing and performance: Taking agent preferences, self-efficacy and operational constraints into account, Human Relations, 63(2), pp. 163 191. Giri, NV Santra, T 2008, Analysing the association of leadership style, face-to-face communication, and organizational effectiveness, Management and Labor Studies, 33(1), pp. 53 63. Gupta, N Shaw, J 2014, Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research, Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), pp. 1 4. Huczynski, A Buchanan, D 2013, Organizational behavior, 8th edition, Pearson Education Limited, New York. Kotter, JP 2007, Leading change Why transformation efforts fail, Harvard Business Review, 73(2), pp. 59 67. Kreitner, R Kinicki, A 2007, Organizational behavior, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Kumar, K 2008, Recruitments in companies: Changing times, HRM Review. Meyerson, G Dewettinck, B 2012, Effect of empowerment on employees performance, Journal of Mgt Studies, Vol. 2. Mylonas, A, Harvey, J Hodges, J 2007, Business organization and management for Queensland, Macmillan Education Australia, South Yarra, Vic. Priyadarshini, GR 2009, Importance of role efficacy and self efficacy in organization and its relationship with human resource practices, Management and Labor Studies, 34(1), pp. 57 72. Rastegar, AA, Mahmoodian, M Alimadadi A2013, Studying and identifying affecting factors on employees empowerment, Journal of Behavioral App Sci. Res., 3(2), pp. 666 674. Unknown Author 2013, Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory: Impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), pp. 39 4

Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter Essay Example

Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter Essay In Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s text â€Å"Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter†, there are three characters that go through the stages that Didion talked about. Death, test, challenges and rebirth are all present in the characters. Mrs. Dutta goes through some of the hardships living in U. S. Her husband is dead and her entire life is devoted to the family she had been taking care of. Dutta talks about how early she had to wake up in the morning due to constant habitual actions she had been doing for past years. The death part of the Dutta life can be portrayed in this excerpt â€Å"In India she would never had venture to sing, but everyone gone, the house is too quiet, all that silence pressing down on her like the hell of the giant hand. † (311). Dutta is eventually beginning to adapt to her situation and began to live for herself. There were some of the tests and challenges she had to go through. Some of the challenges were the longing for her husband and wanting to go back where she came from. There were overcame by her children who gives her the power to live in U. S. Dutta’s son, Sagar also had to go through some of the factors of the three stages of the journey. He acknowledges Dutta’s responsibilities and her sacrifices and tells her that she should not wake up so early. Sagar is now becoming a one that not only asks for things to her mother but also asks her to let go of the chores and live more freely. Sagar in this text was viewed as a child who is troublesome and who needs Dutta’s advice and help in order to achieve life in U. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S. Dutta seems he is completely reborn in U. S. since he is young and adapts faster than his family members. Shyamoli is Dutta’s daughter-in-law. The excerpt â€Å"†¦it was an Americna habit† Mrs. Dutta did not remember the Indian shyamoli, the docile bride she’d mothered for a month before putting her on a Pan Am flight to join her husband, pursing her lips in quite this way to let out a breath at once patient and vexed† (315). This statement defines some of the internal changes that had occurred to the both Dutta and Shyamoli. Since Shyamoli was younger than Dutta, she accepts changes and surrounding more freely than Dutta, letting her to live like Americans. Shyamoli said â€Å"Americans don’t like neighbors to†¦invade their privacy† (320). Telling us how Shaymoli had been reborn as she live in United States.